With the improvement of living standards, consumers put forward higher requirements for the quality of pork products. At present, there are many hidden dangers in the quality and safety of commercial pork, which are prone to PSE (Pale, soft and exudative) meat and DFD (Dark, firm and dry) meat. Oxidative stress is a common stress in pig production, which can reduce the antioxidant capacity of fattening pigs, lead to the decline of performance of fattening pigs, and is the key factor to the decline of meat quality of fattening pigs. Selenium is an important component of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and selenoprotein in animals, plays a role in the balance of REDOX, and as one of the essential trace elements in animals, it has positive effects on the immunity, growth and reproduction of pigs. Adding selenium as antioxidant to the diet of finishing pigs can effectively improve the performance of finishing pigs, improve the antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs and improve the quality of pork.
Fig 1 Established and suggested selenoprotein functions (Peter F. Surai et al., 2018).
Selenium is mainly added to animal feed in the form of inorganic selenium and organic selenium, and the organic selenium mainly includes selenomethionine and yeast selenium. Selenium supplement mainly comes from organic selenium (selenomethionine and selenocysteine) and inorganic selenium (selenate and selenite). The utilization efficiency of organic selenium is higher than that of inorganic selenium, and it is non-toxic or low toxic. However, inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) has strong toxicity, low absorption rate and potential pollution problems in use. The biological function of selenium is realized through the protein family of selenium proteins. Selenium in yeast selenium mainly exists in yeast protein in the form of selenomethionine and selenocysteine.
1. Metabolic pathways of selenium
The existence of selenium is different, and its digestion, absorption and metabolic path are different. As can be seen from Figure 2, inorganic selenium exists in the form of selenite (SeO32-) and selenate (SeO42-) in the intestinal lumen, and then is absorbed in the small intestine in the form of passive diffusion, and SeO42- is further degraded into SeO32- in the cell. Then it reacts with reducing glutathione (GSH) to produce glutathione selenotrisulfide (Gs-Se-SG), only a small amount of which can eventually be degraded into selenide (HSe-) through transselenization, which binds to plasma proteins and is transported to the liver to participate in the synthesis of selenoproteins. Most of the HSe in inorganic selenium metabolism can be metabolized into methyl selenium (MSe) through methylation, and then converted into selenose. Therefore, most of the selenium that is not used for the synthesis of selenoproteins is finally excreted by lung respiration or fecal excretion. Organic selenium exists in the intestinal lumen in the form of selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys). As organic selenium has similar properties of sulfur-containing amino acids, it can be actively absorbed in the form of amino acids instead of sulfur-containing amino acids. SeMet can be converted into SeCys, and then SeCys is degraded into HSE-- through selenoconversion. Hse-phospholipid Selenocysteyl tRNASec (SePhp) is synthesized with the participation of ATP, and then selenocysteyl tRNASec (Selenocysteyl tRNASec) is formed. Therefore, most selenium in organic selenium metabolism can enter the liver to participate in the synthesis of selenoprotein, which increases the storage amount of total selenium in tissues and provides a selenium reservoir for the body. And then exert its strong antioxidant effect. When organic selenium is added to the diet of animals, the content of selenium deposited in animals is higher than that of inorganic selenium.
Fig 2 Selenium yeast and inorganic selenium metabolic pathways
Angel Yeast selenium is a product with high organic selenium content, which is obtained by deep liquid fermentation of specially selected saccharomyces cerevisiae strains using the enrichment of trace element selenium by yeast. After meeting the physiological needs of animals for selenium, it can also be stored in animals to reduce emissions to the environment, and maximize the supply of selenium when the body's demand for selenium increases during disease stress, reproduction and embryonic growth.
Angel Yeast Co., Ltd. cooperated with the French National Testing Center to detect methionine selenium and cysteine selenium in Fubon yeast selenium produced by Angel company by plasma mass spectrometry. The content of the two kinds of organic selenium accounted for more than 80% of the total selenium content, and no inorganic selenium of +4 or +6 was found in yeast selenium. Compared with similar products in the world, the quality of Fubon yeast selenium products has reached the international leading level.
2. Physiological effects for fattening pig
Angel Yeast has done an experiment for exploring the effects of selenium yeast (YeaSel, commercial product for selenium yeast from Angel yeast Co., LTD) compared with inorganic selenium (control) on meat of fattening pig. The animal trial last 4 weeks.
Table 1 Test design for the different selenium resources
2.1 Growth performance of selenium yeast on fattening pigs
Compared with Sodium selenite(CON), yeast selenium(YeaSel) had no significant effects on final weight, ADG, ADFI and F/G of fattening pigs (P>0.05), but could slightly improve the performance of fattening pigs.
2.2 Serum antioxidant index of selenium yeast on fattening pigs
The main physiological function of selenium is to participate in the synthesis of selenium proteins. Among them, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as an important selenium protein, can effectively remove hydrogen peroxide or lipid peroxides in the animal body, and avoid the damage caused by ROS. A large number of studies have shown that compared with inorganic selenium, yeast selenium has more obvious antioxidant effect, can increase the activities of GSH-Px and T-SOD, and reduce the content of MDA. This study shows that there was no significant difference in T-SOD (P > 0.05) and MDA (P > 0.05) of fattening pigs with sodium selenite or YeaSel supplementation. However, compared with sodium selenite group, YeaSel group could significantly increase the content of GSH-Px in serum of fattening pigs (P < 0.05).
2.3 Selenium content in serum, liver and muscle of selenium yeast on fattening pigs
Selenium in sodium selenite is inorganic selenium, which is mainly absorbed in the small intestine by simple diffusion, and its absorption rate is about 50%~90%. Yeast selenium mainly exists in selenomethionine/selenocysteine and its derivatives, and is mainly absorbed into the blood by the small intestine through the Na+ dependent neutral amino acid transport system, and the absorption rate can reach more than 90% in monogastric animals. This study shows that the total selenium content in serum, liver and muscle of YeaSel group was significantly higher than that of sodium selenite group(CON) (P < 0.05).
2.4 Pork quality of selenium yeast on fattening pigs
Recently, Angel yeast and Sichuan Agricultural University to carry out experimental research foundIn the experiment of the effect of different selenium sources (0.3 ppm) on the quality of fattening pork are different, the yeast selenium group could reduce the drip loss of meat quality by 12.6% compared with the inorganic selenium group. Compared with the inorganic selenium group and the selenomethionine group, the YeaSel group could significantly improve the meat aroma, tenderness and juiciness scores. Experiments show that yeast selenium can reduce drip loss to a certain extent, and can improve meat aroma, tenderness and juiciness.
Data from the Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University
3. Usage
Taking YeaSel (2000 ppm) as an example, the amount added to the feed is shown in the table below. Athe recommended dosage usually is about 100~150g/t, adding yeast selenium to feed can improve the quality of meat products, improve reproductive performance, and relieve animal stress.
About Angel Animal Nutrition:
Fubon is a brand of Angel Animal Nutrition. Fubon is committed to developing natural, efficient microbial feed derived from yeast with Angel's leading technology in yeast industry, providing the best service solutions for the nutrition and health in animals. Angel Animal Nutrition creates value for global feed and animal agriculture customers through continuously upgraded products and professional services.
About Angel:
Angel Yeast Company is a high-tech listed company specializing in yeast and biotech. Product business covers Yeast and Baking, Yeast Extract-Savoury, Nutrition & Health and Biotechnology fields. It is one of the world's leading companies in the yeast industry. Angel has 12 holding subsidiaries and provides products and services for more than 150 countries and regions.
Press Contact:
ANGEL YEAST CO.,LTD
Address: 168 Chengdong Avenue, Yichang, Hubei 443003, P. R.China
Tel:+86-717-6369520, 6369558
