Published by ZongBo He, edited by George Hu.
25th April, 2023
The fermentation strain of Ale beer belongs to S.cerevisiae, which has been confirmed for a long time, but the understanding of taxonomy and genetic characteristics of lager beer yeast has gone through a long and complex research process. The origin of lager yeast on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau proposed by Chinese scholars has been supported and widely recognised by more foreign scholars' research results.
From 2006 to 2008, Argentine scholar D. Libkind et al. isolated a strain of low-temperature tolerant Saccharomyces from Argentine Patagonia Plateau. The whole genome of this new species was sequenced and compared with other related species of Saccharomyces. The results showed that the new species was partially closely related to the S.bayanus type in the genome of S. pastorianus of lager yeast, and the sequence homology was 99.56%. The new species was named S.eubayanus. This study confirmed that S.eubayanus is a wild parent that endows lager beer yeast with low-temperature fermentation ability. Therefore, European and American scholars put forward the Patagonian origin theory of lager yeast, believing that S.eubayanus was brought from South America to Europe through transatlantic trade, and was hybridised with Al beer yeast in Bavaria, Germany to form lager yeast.
However, the origin of lager yeast in Patagonia is not consistent with the occurrence of relevant historical events. Columbus first sailed to America in 1492 and discovered the New World. Transatlantic trade should have started after this, in the late 15th or early 16th century. However, Germany and Bavaria began to brew lager in the middle of the 15th century. Therefore, S Eubayanus should have migrated to Europe from other places in an earlier period.
Chinese scholars have isolated a large number of S.eubayanus strains from the bark and sapwood samples of the Fagaceae plants and other broad-leaved trees in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Qinghai, and Sichuan regions, as well as the Qinling Mountains in Shanxi.S. The Tibetan lineage of eubayanus is clustered in the same branch with the yeast strains of lager S.pastorianus WS 34/70 and CCY48-91, and the genetic relationship between Tibetan lineage strains and lager yeast strains is closer than that between Patagonia strains and the latter. The results of adding more American strains for comparison showed that S The genetic diversity of the Chinese population of eubayanus is much higher than that of its American population, indicating that China is the centre of its origin.
Among the 12 gene loci determined, the homology between the Tibetan lineage strain and S.pastorianus WS 34/70 was 99.77% -99.82%, while the homology between the Patagonian strain PYCC 6148 and WS 34/70 was 99.35%. Therefore, the origin of lager yeast on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau was proposed. It is believed that S. eubayanus strain distributed in Tibet probably migrated to Europe along the Silk Road through Eurasian trade, and hybridised with Aer beer yeast strain in Bavaria, Germany, to produce low-temperature tolerant lager beer yeast. This hypothesis is also more consistent with world history and geography. From a historical perspective, the Eurasian trade carried out along the Silk Road began more than 2000 years ago during the Han Dynasty when Zhang Qian passed through the Western Regions, much earlier than the transatlantic trade between the Americas and Europe. Geographically, Eurasia is located through a continent, where species migration is more easily achieved. Therefore, our theory of the origin of lager yeast on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau has been supported and widely recognised by more foreign scholars' research results.
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